Due Diligence

“Knowledge-building proficiency involves constructive skepticism about what we think we know. Our initial perceptions of problems and initial ideas for new products can be hindered by assumptions that are no longer valid but rarely questioned.” – Bartley J. Madden – Value creation leader

Bartley J. Madden’s work is anchored in the belief that true progress—whether in business, investment, or society—depends on how proficiently we build, challenge, and revise our knowledge. The featured quote reflects decades of Madden’s inquiry into why firms succeed or fail at innovation and long-term value creation. In his view, organisations routinely fall victim to unexamined assumptions: patterns of thinking that may have driven past success, but become liabilities when environments change. Madden calls for a “constructive skepticism” that continuously tests what we think we know, identifying outdated mental models before they erode opportunity and performance.

Bartley J. Madden: Life and Thought

Bartley J. Madden is a leading voice in strategic finance, systems thinking, and knowledge-building practice. With a mechanical engineering degree earned from California Polytechnic State University in 1965 and an MBA from UC Berkeley, Madden’s early career took him from weapons research in the U.S. Army into the world of investment analysis. His pivotal transition came in the late 1960s, when he co-founded Callard Madden & Associates, followed by his instrumental role in developing the CFROI (Cash Flow Return on Investment) framework at Holt Value Associates—a tool now standard in evaluating corporate performance and capital allocation in global markets.

Madden’s career is marked by a restless, multidisciplinary curiosity: he draws insights from engineering, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and management science. His research increasingly focused on what he termed the “knowledge-building loop” and systems thinking—a way of seeing complex business problems as networks of interconnected causes, feedback loops, and evolving assumptions, rather than linear chains of events. In both his financial and philanthropic work, including his eponymous Madden Center for Value Creation, Madden advocates for knowledge-building cultures that empower employees to challenge inherited beliefs and to experiment boldly, seeing errors as opportunities for learning rather than threats.

His books—such as Value Creation Principles, Reconstructing Your Worldview, and My Value Creation Journey—emphasise systems thinking, the importance of language in shaping perception, and the need for leaders to ask better questions. Madden directly credits thinkers such as John Dewey for inspiring his conviction in inquiry-driven learning and Adelbert Ames Jr. for insights into the pitfalls of perception and assumption.

Intellectual Backstory and Related Theorists

Madden’s views develop within a distinguished lineage of scholars dedicated to organisational learning, systems theory, and the dynamics of innovation. Several stand out:

• John Dewey (1859–1952): The American pragmatist philosopher deeply influenced Madden’s sense that expertise must continuously be updated through critical inquiry and experimentation, rather than resting on tradition or authority. Dewey championed a scientific, reflective approach to practical problem-solving that resonates throughout Madden’s work.
• Adelbert Ames Jr. (1880–1955): A pioneer of perceptual psychology, Ames’ experiments revealed how easily human perceptions are deceived by context and previous experience. Madden draws on Ames to illustrate how even well-meaning business leaders can be misled by outmoded assumptions.
• Russell Ackoff (1919–2009): One of the principal architects of systems thinking in management, Ackoff insisted that addressing problems in isolation leads to costly errors—a foundational idea in Madden’s argument for holistic knowledge-building.
• Peter Senge: Celebrated for popularising the “learning organisation” and systems thinking through The Fifth Discipline, Senge’s influence underpins Madden’s practical prescriptions for continuous learning and the breakdown of organisational silos.
• Karl Popper (1902–1994): Philosopher of science, Popper argued that the pursuit of knowledge advances through critical testing and falsifiability. Madden’s constructive scepticism echoes Popper’s principle that no idea should be immune from challenge if progress is to be sustained.

Application and Impact

Madden’s philosophy is both a warning and a blueprint. The tendency of individuals and organisations to become trapped by their own outdated assumptions is a perennial threat. By embracing systems thinking and prioritising open, critical inquiry, businesses can build resilient cultures capable of adapting to change—creating sustained value for all stakeholders.

In summary, the context of Madden’s quote is not merely a call to think differently, but a rigorous, practical manifesto for the modern organisation: challenge what you think you know, foster debate over dogma, and place knowledge-building at the core of value creation.